William Dean Howells (1837–1920) was an American novelist, literary critic, and editor, often referred to as the "Dean of American Letters." He played a significant role in shaping American literature during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Howells was born in Martins Ferry, Ohio, and began his career in literature as a journalist and editor. He is perhaps best known for his long tenure as the editor of The Atlantic Monthly, where he worked from 1871 to 1881. This position allowed him to greatly influence the direction of American literature by championing the works of many prominent writers, including Henry James, Mark Twain, and Emily Dickinson.

As a novelist, Howells is often associated with the literary movement of realism, which sought to portray life and society as it truly was, without romanticization or idealization. His works often dealt with the complexities of middle-class life and the challenges of social and moral dilemmas. Some of his most famous novels include:

"The Rise of Silas Lapham" (1885): A novel about a self-made businessman who rises to prominence but faces moral and social dilemmas as his wealth grows.

"A Modern Instance" (1882): A portrayal of a troubled marriage, exploring themes of infidelity, social expectations, and personal integrity.

"The Minister's Charge" (1886): A story that addresses the relationships between individuals and societal expectations.

In addition to his novels, Howells was a prolific essayist, playwright, and short story writer. He also contributed significantly to literary criticism, advocating for the importance of realism in literature over the more idealized and romanticized forms popular at the time.

Howells' influence extended beyond his own writing; his work as an editor helped shape the literary landscape of his time. Despite his strong contributions to American letters, his work fell somewhat out of favor in the 20th century but remains important in understanding the evolution of American literature and realism.